They are heavily scented with a sweet fragrance. 11 Flowers That Look Like Tulips: Unique Blooms To Love, 8 Shasta Daisy Companion Plants: A Comprehensive Guide, Do Tomato Plants Like Coffee Grounds? Keep collections to yourself or inspire other shoppers! Newcastle upon Tyne Some of them are most common in the homes of ordinary flower growers, while others are extremely rare. Offer does not apply to eGift cards or . Direct light will burn the leaves and flowers. It is safe to have it in a house with kids and pets. This is the same reason why Scindapsus pictus has silver spots! You cannot spray. Note that overwatering kills it. Hoya does not need a lot of moisture, it is able to accumulate it in the leaves and stems. Some varieties reproduce easily at home; for some, special manipulations and the use of phytoharmonics are needed. The spider mites are tiny and easily escape our notice. Void where prohibited. Try not to give it too much direct sun, which would scorch the leaves. If the soil is overwatered, the temperature will drop, and there will be a higher risk of damage. Privacy Policy. The flowers are hairy and really cute, but the biggest reason to grow the plant is for the gorgeous leaves. You've already signed up for some newsletters, but you haven't confirmed your address. Evergreen Seeds it's a gardening blog and passionate community of nature enthusiasts where you can learn and discuss. The temperature should not go below 50 degrees Fahrenheit for Hoya Carnosa Compacta. There are many flowers in each inflorescence - 25-30 pieces. Here are a few things to keep in view before you pick up your shears. The Hoya Carnosa Compacta soil should be coarse, lightweight, and well-aerated. Due to the fact that the "baskets" bloom alternately, the total flowering period stretches for a month. The sprouts are planted in separate pots after 2-3 months. Grower's Choice- may be assorted or all 1 variety. The growth rate of Hoya Compacta depends on the right growing environment. The foliage is waxy and succulent-like. Take a tray and fill it with pebbles or rocks. And during the night, maintain it at 60 to 65 degrees Fahrenheit. Serve up your favourite dishes in style with our range of dinner sets and silver trays. An entire year ago a friend gave me a cutting (with three leaves) of hoya carnosa. We love gardening and we want to share this love with you. Follow the instructions on the label. The Hoya Carnosa Compacta can grow in low light as well. Mealybugs invade the plant to feed on its sap. You will be excited to know that Hoya Carnosa Compacta is a popular houseplant for 200 years. A fungus called Botrytis causes grayish leaves. Hoya compacta vert, Rope Hoya, Hindu Rope. Check out our hoya compacta jodies silver selection for the very best in unique or custom, handmade pieces from our shops. The leaves are as if covered with silver, which adds to its unusualness. Hoyas can also be good indoor plants and are very popular for that reason. Captcha failed to load. The leaves have different colors, depending on the variety, but they are always dense and fleshy, placed on a thick, even stem. - +. Ahoy Hoyas! Hoya Plants are one of our Nursery specialties. The foliage is also sometimes variegated. Level it and fill it with water. Hoya cannot be waterlogged. Terracotta pots also look lovely, with Hoya Carnosa Compacta vines hanging from them. To enjoy its true beauty, re-create this environment for it indoors. Hoya is often not worth replanting. . Overview. As an outdoor plant, it performs well in the same range of temperature. $9.95. Turning off the personalized advertising setting wont stop you from seeing Etsy ads or impact Etsy's own personalization technologies, but it may make the ads you see less relevant or more repetitive. . It is safe to have this houseplant around pets or kids. Bees, butterflies, and hummingbirds will love to feast on the sweet nectar-rich blooms. Interesting curly leaves (like seashells) closely paced on the vine, making it looks like a rope. 55129: HOYA CUMINGIANA: ASC: . Hoya Assorted 6 in. 55010: HOYA PUBICALYX CV. First come, first serve. Hoya Carnosa Compacta likes to be cozy. The stems that you prune can become your new plants. But in a dry climate, fine potting soil will work well too. Six hours of indirect light is recommended for optimal growth. Many hoyis stop growing and wither during the winter due to lack of sunlight. Press J to jump to the feed. Etsy is powered by 100% renewable electricity. That is my all time dream plant. The variety is particularly drought tolerant. By signing up, you will get exclusive deals and up-to-date news on all things Pistils! Sorry, what you are looking for is not available on Etsy. Additional pallets with water or wet expanded clay should not be placed next to the flowerpot. To enjoy its true beauty, re-create this environment for it indoors. Sign Up For Some Hoya Goodness. Hoya Tricolor 4 in . To enable personalized advertising (like interest-based ads), we may share your data with our marketing and advertising partners using cookies and other technologies. Find great local deals on second-hand digital cameras for sale in OX298BX Shop hassle-free with Gumtree, your local buying & selling community. Apply on moist soil and feel free to spray on the foliage too. Lalu didiamkan selama 15 menit. Neem oil is another organic, chemical-free, and affordable way to keep pests away. This splendor is easy to achieve if you follow all the conditions and carefully monitor the plant. Remember, overwatering kills the plants. Yes! Grow them in an elegant hanging basket on the deck, balcony, or window. Set where you live, what language you speak, and the currency you use. Any segment of the vine that is cut off can take root and form a new plant. If the roots block the drainage holes or the soil is drying out fast, you need a new pot. Hoya Lacunosa Laos (small leaf, stable silvery and red coloured lacunosa)~ 25.00 Click & Collect 4.70 postage Hoya krinkle 8 cutting (please wait for invoice) 2.20 2 bids 2.85 postage 13m 7s Hoya Carnosa Tricolor Well Rooted Plant Rare wax plant cutting 7.49 Click & Collect Free postage Hoya For sale Canada This is a rooted cutting, approximately 3 nodes of fresh growth. In winter, when the temperature drops, it is better to reduce watering to 2 times a month. Cookies and similar technologies are used to improve your experience, to do things like: Without these technologies, things like personalized recommendations, your account preferences, or localisation may not work correctly. With its beautiful variegated leaves, the Hoya Crimson Queen is a great way to add color to your collection. USDA Zone: 9-11?. I wanted this plant badly, so I've kept it hoping for the best. Etsy uses cookies and similar technologies to give you a better experience, enabling things like: Detailed information can be found in Etsys Cookies & Similar Technologies Policy and our Privacy Policy. The pots must have enough drainage holes. Regular price $123.95 Hoya alyona - fresh cut 1 leaf / 1 node - Unrooted. The leaves are bent in half and twisted, there is a white stripe in the middle of the leaf, and it itself is dark green. You can always choose a chemical-free fertilizer or make your own. I have never had so many blooms at once! Hoya carnosa compacta Jodie's Silver" More like this Kp Hoya deykeae x finlaysonii - rotad hos Plantanica. Press question mark to learn the rest of the keyboard shortcuts, https://www.dropbox.com/s/9uefbecdzats498/Hoya%20Jodie%E2%80%99s%20Silver%20-1.jpg?dl=0. Planting it at the proper location will enhance its appearance. Some of the technologies we use are necessary for critical functions like security and site integrity, account authentication, security and privacy preferences, internal site usage and maintenance data, and to make the site work correctly for browsing and transactions. 1 / 14. Hoya bella is smaller than the others and is a trailing type rather than a climber. Grow them in a hanging basket, put them on the deck, balcony, or window. It blooms with cute, fragrant lime-green flowers. $14.40. Hoya plant roots need oxygen to keep them healthy. Do not change the position of your pot or hanging planters often. Some of the technologies we use are necessary for critical functions like security and site integrity, account authentication, security and privacy preferences, internal site usage and maintenance data, and to make the site work correctly for browsing and transactions. We include shipping boxwarmers at no charge as needed. Needless to say, it cost me a ton of money.Unfortunately, the leaf kept yellowing and the soil wasn't drying in the slightest so I've decided to check the roots. Sometimes they are pinkish-white and grow in clusters of forty flowers. For a more formal meal, choose a tray with a handle, whilst if you're looking for something light and compact to take on . This effect is obtained as a result of a rare mutation in which some parts of the leaf blade are not subject to photosynthesis. Turning off the personalised advertising setting wont stop you from seeing Etsy ads or impact Etsy's own personalisation technologies, but it may make the ads you see less relevant or more repetitive. The Hoya plant family consists of over 300 species. Hindu Rope ( Hoya carnosa 'Compacta') Be the first to review this product. Hoya Compacta is a versatile plant with a brilliant appearance. Jodies Silver. This does not affect the humidity level. Hoya Compacta Jodies Silver (1 - 1 of 1 results) Price ($) Shipping All Sellers Hoya carnosa compacta Splash (449) $56.00 $80.00 (30% off) FREE shipping 1 Common Questions The Hoya Compacta Variegata is used to moderate to high humidity. Hoya Carnosa Compacta can also grow in artificial light. Turning off the personalized advertising setting wont stop you from seeing Etsy ads or impact Etsy's own personalization technologies, but it may make the ads you see less relevant or more repetitive. Water it intensely in summers and allow excess water to drain from the bottom. Captcha failed to load. Sebelum itu tanaman hias Hoya Compacta sebaiknya diberikan vitamin terlebih dahulu. For more information, please see our Terracotta pots are more suitable because they help drain extra water. The procedure is carried out only during the day, and not at night. HOYA COMPACTA: ASC: $12.00: The Hindu Rope Plant. It was obvious to me that my Jodie was not gonna make it. It will help it grow well and produce flowers too. Evergreen Seeds is a participant in the Amazon Services LLC Associates Program, an affiliate advertising program. Took a year to find one but here it is. It must be supplemented with baking powder, and a layer of large drainage is required in the pot. Those partners may have their own information theyve collected about you. SKU 202001021733001. In the right humid conditions, the plant will get shiny leaves and look stunning. We store your data securely according to our privacy policy. Check out our hoya compacta silver selection for the very best in unique or custom, handmade pieces from our house plants shops. Learn more.   Germany   |   English (US)   |   (EUR), remembering account, browser, and regional preferences, remembering privacy and security settings, personalized search, content, and recommendations, helping sellers understand their audience, showing relevant, targeted ads on and off Etsy, remember your login, general, and regional preferences, personalize content, search, recommendations, and offers. Promo Pengguna Baru Kurir Instan Bebas Ongkir Cicilan 0%. Each flower is star-shaped and cream or white. IPPS8898 IML 1391 H119. With the right approach, hoya can bloom for a long time and every year. It is mostly an evergreen perennial vine. Buy your Hoya on-line or at Cowell's Garden Centre in Newcastle near Northumberland, Gosforth, Ponteland and Jesmond.

\nRemember, the Hoya Compacta plant will not like to be repotted without a good reason. No, the Hoya Compacta plant is not toxic. Hoya Compacta needs pruning only for the sake of managing its size. Hoya is no exception. @plantmedaphne. A plant 5-6 years old has a good chance. Alternative to chemical fungicide is a mixture of baking soda and water. Read our Cookie Policy. Some sellers on Etsy also offer personalized, made-to-order items in case youve found something you love but want to make it even more uniquely yours. Scan this QR code to download the app now. 27K subscribers in the hoyas community. The water from the tray will slowly evaporate and increase humidity for your plants. The plant is not able to grow under such conditions. Vines are compact, do not grow longer than 3 meters. The new pot should be two inches bigger than the previous one. I've bought this rooted cutting of hoya carnosa compacta 'Jodie's Silver' on June 16th and it has arrived to me four days later with a yellowing leaf. Some of the technologies we use are necessary for critical functions like security and site integrity, account authentication, security and privacy preferences, internal site usage and maintenance data, and to make the site work correctly for browsing and transactions. Lots of silver! Congratulations!! Dark green glossy curled and twisted leaves, pink blooms. Hoya is an Asian native plant introduced by Scottish botanist Robert Brown and named in honor of the 18th-century botanist Thomas Hoy. They are slow to moderate growers, and should be planted outside in spring or early summer. Follow the propagation guide below to learn the art of multiplying your Hoya Compacta plants. The lush green foliage paired with bunches of cream flowers adds value to any indoor and outdoor garden. It is impossible to fertilize vines with organic matter - this will cause the growth of harmful microflora in the soil. A heat-loving vine will grow and bloom better if the temperature is constant, without sudden changes. More about Hoya carnosa. In the following guide, we will help you troubleshoot all problems faced by Hoya Carnosa Compacta plants. It is a native of Thailand and Malaysia where it scrabbles over rocks in moist conditions. PLANT CARE Light: Perfect for bright, indirect light Water: Drought tolerant.Water when the top 1-2" of soil feels dry to the touch Considerations: Use a well-draining soil, and select a planter with drainage.Pet friendly! While at night, 60 to 65 degrees Fahrenheit is perfect. Looking to shop hoya compacta silver? The clusters of flowers have a sweet scent and attract pollinators like bees and butterflies. These leaves are prone to disease and often need special care. Hoya carnosa 'Compacta' - Rope Hoya Hoya Compacta likes bright indirect light. Sometimes known by its nickname, Rope Hoya, this cultivar of Hoya carnosa will eventually produce beautiful clusters of star-shaped pink flowers asit matures. Ideally, the soil of Hoya Carnosa Compacta must be slightly moist and never wet. Hoya compacta jodie silver general description The first thing that even an inexperienced grower will distinguish Compacta is the shape of the leaves. It is safe to have this houseplant around pets or kids. This understated plant is one of the most beautiful compact Hoya varieties. Etsys 100% renewable electricity commitment includes the electricity used by the data centers that host Etsy.com, the Sell on Etsy app, and the Etsy app, as well as the electricity that powers Etsys global offices and employees working remotely from home in the US. Etsy is powered by 100% renewable electricity. Beli Hoya Compacta terlengkap & berkualitas harga murah Maret 2023 terbaru di Tokopedia! Prune in spring and never in winter. Hoya caudata has some of the most wonderful leaves on a Hoya that I have seen. Larger species grow 1-18 m (3-59 ft), or more, with suitable support in trees. Also, monitor soil moisture. Slow down on watering Hoya Carnosa Compacta in winters. Apparently hoya Jodie's Silver is one fussy diva. Water when the top 1-2" of soil feels dry to the touchConsiderations: Use a well-draining soil, and select a planter with drainage. It never likes to dry completely and stays more compact in bright light. . In winter, a decrease to +16 C is allowed. we wish. How much sun does a Hoya need? You've already signed up for some newsletters, but you haven't confirmed your address. You can also use bark or charcoal instead of an orchid mix. One look at this bizarre plant and you'll understand why it's one of our all time favorite Hoyas. Keep the pot in a warm and humid place, out of direct sunlight. Here is a quick checklist for you: Hoya Compacta can be moved to a new pot to solve this problem. Hoya Compacta doesnt like cold, wet conditions to grow.

\n Even direct sun does not harm this plant. The Hoya plant family consists of over 300 species. Let's dive into Hoya carnosa compacta care! Cutting (minimum 15cm long) - $5 each . By rejecting non-essential cookies, Reddit may still use certain cookies to ensure the proper functionality of our platform. It came with but a tag reading "Hoya . Great! TheGreenEscape. No two plants are alike, and yours will have its own unique shape, size and personality; expect this natural variation from the photos. Exact plant fast shipping True, this is provided that the soil is correctly selected. Be careful while moving the roots. Learn more. I'm picking up a cheap cutting of a reverted compacta Jody's Silver. In winter, the flower is illuminated with a phytolamp. In the right humid conditions, the plant will get shiny leaves and look stunning. When your plant does flower do not attempt to repot or move it too much. I am new to YouTube so every like counts and every comment encourages me to create more Follow me on Instagram - https://www.instagram.com/victoriaberngard/Support me on ko-fi - https://ko-fi.com/victoriaberngardBy donating a small amount you are helping me sustain my hobby and create more content for you!#hoyajodiessilver #rarehoya #hoyacarnosacompacta #rareplants #anxietyplant#plantsofinstagram #hoyamygosh #curlyleaves #waxplant #waxplantwednesday #hoyahindurope #silverleafsunday #plantsmakepeoplehappy #plantlife #plantlove #plantmom #dyingplant #rootrot#hoyasaremyjam #hoyaplant #hoyaobsession #silverhoya #hoyaheads #hoyaaddiction #ahoyaaday #waxplanteveryday #hoyasofinstagram #hoyalover #thehoyacollective #hoyawednesday This type of data sharing may be considered a sale of information under California privacy laws. Pet friendly! But experienced florists manage to breed the flower in other ways. After sowing, the container is covered and placed under a lamp or in a bright, warm place. In this case, it remains only to separate part of the vine from the root and place it in the substrate. The leaves are green and healthy, I water it about 2X/week, it's upright and looks happy enough.   France   |   English (US)   |   (EUR), remembering account, browser, and regional preferences, remembering privacy and security settings, personalized search, content, and recommendations, helping sellers understand their audience, showing relevant, targeted ads on and off Etsy, remember your login, general, and regional preferences, personalize content, search, recommendations, and offers. Jika kutu putih susah dibersihkan, kamu bisa memakai pestisida. Hoya Carnosa Compacta watering can be mastered very easily. Aphids mostly attack the flowers. Cutting it will reduce flowering. The best place is a hanging planter on a window facing south or southeast. Since this plant was created in a lab it has a really weak immune system. 412 James Lane, Fern Hill VIC. Often, aerial roots form on the stems by themselves. Main Road Neem oil can prevent pest attacks, while soda and water can keep fungus away that is caused by high humidity. Dark purple velvet flowers, long silver flecked leaves. It is not taken out onto the balcony, but placed on windows or well-lit walls near them. Learn more. Empty the catch basin beneath the pot after the water drains through. A succulent needs loose soil, with gravel and coarse sand, as well as leafy and turfy soil for food. . Sign up for exclusive offers, original stories, events and more. There was a problem subscribing you to this newsletter. You can improve your soil by adding more perlite to it. Hoya Carnosa Variegated 8 in. Photos are for reference only and the actual creature you receive may differ from the photos. Their nutrient content has already been calculated and balanced. Simply dilute the feed by mixing a quarter teaspoon of fertilizer in a gallon of filtered water. Lighting conditions, however, affect the flowering of the Hoya Carnosa Compacta. Turning off the personalised advertising setting wont stop you from seeing Etsy ads or impact Etsy's own personalisation technologies, but it may make the ads you see less relevant or more repetitive. If you dont see a personalisation section, you can always message the seller with your request too. This is caused by tiny air pockets between the main leaf tissue and the leaf's cuticle. $24.99 / Hoya Australis - 3" from California Tropicals . Please. During the daytime, keep the temperature to 70 degrees Fahrenheit or above. Variegated hoya grows relatively quickly and blooms from May to September, but only under favorable conditions. The first 3 years the plant is moved annually, then every 4-5 years. It is native to Australia and East Asia. Remove bottom leaves. In the beginning, you might have to inspect the soil before each watering to avoid overwatering. The ideal humidity level is between 40 to 60 percent. We have developed a guide to assist you. Reddit and its partners use cookies and similar technologies to provide you with a better experience. This plant is a part of the Apocynaceae family and commonly called a wax plant, and flower of the plant are quite beautiful. The flowers are waxy and sometimes fragrant. It is drought tolerant; however, overwatering kills it.

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Hoya Carnosa Variegated 6 in. Is zamioculcas dangerous - how it affects humans and animals, Transplanting a room hydrangea - instructions and advice, We cover roses for the winter in the Urals - terms and rules, Autumn pruning of peonies - schemes and rules, Autumn pruning of a climbing rose - we increase the decorative effect of the shrub, Shelter climbing roses for the winter - what experienced gardeners advise, We cover roses for the winter in the Moscow region - rules and terms, Apply mineral fertilizers, put in a bright light, Do not remove the flowerpot from the light, feed regularly, The temperature should not fall below +16 , Apply a complex of fertilizers with a predominance of nitrogen, Regular inspection, adherence to the watering regime and humidity, Inspection, compliance with the irrigation and humidity regime. The leaves vary in size and color, but generally, they can be described as curly Hoya carnosa leaves. *Sunday - doors open at 10:00am for browsing & tills open at 10:30am. It can bloom at any time of the year, but more often it occurs in summer. Another sign of over-fertilization is white crusty residue on top of the soil. Each flower lasts for up to three weeks. The northern side is contraindicated - the plant will stretch, grow very slowly and never bloom. Shipping policies may vary, but some of our sellers may offer free shipping when you purchase from them. The points to remember about watering Hoya Carnosa Compacta are: The plant will tolerate a dry spell but will begin to wither if water stands in the pot. Got questions? Hoya Compacta is prone to some diseases. Please. The stunning cream or white blooms have a sweet scent and attract pollinators if planted outdoors. There is so much that one can do with the beautiful Hoya Compacta plant. Whether you know them as Hoya Plants or Wax Plants, this sub is ready for your photos, questions, expertise, and/or stories. It allows the plants to recover from stress easily. Flowering vine will not like to be rotated or moved. They are also known as wax plants due to their thick and shiny foliage. Orders placed after April 1st will be fulfilled on Monday April 10th. Create an account to follow your favorite communities and start taking part in conversations. Fertilize Hoya Compacta during the growing season, which is spring. Here are some tips to make your Hoya Carnosa Compacta plants happy in your home. However, because it has thick, succulent-like foliage which store moisture, it is able to tolerate slightly drier air. Utilizing sterilized pruning shears, remove a section of three to four inches from the stem. The roots and shoots will appear in a few weeks. Always sanitize your shears to prevent infections. Hoya Compacta is a rare beauty liana with beautiful leaves and a fascinating aroma with unusual flowers. You can then dip the cutting into a rooting hormone. You can use a moisture meter as well. The obverse bears the fifth definitive coinage portrait of The Queen. To enable personalized advertising (like interest-based ads), we may share your data with our marketing and advertising partners using cookies and other technologies. Wax ivy needs just as much maintenance as any flowering plant.Depending on the variety, the maintenance rules differ slightly, but the main points remain the same. Hoya Compacta flowers are scented and attract pollinators. However, the decorativeness of this hoya is an order of magnitude higher than other subspecies, and with proper handling it will become the best decoration for any home. They curl in a bizarre way, so that the whole plant looks curly. Our international team of . The roots of Hoya Compacta are blocking the drainage hole. The bugs find shelter under the twisted leaves of Hoya Compacta, which is their perfect hiding spot and makes it very difficult to clear them. If the roots are damaged, use sterilized shears to remove them with care. 10. Out of Production. Hoya Kerrii Variegated (Two Leaves) - 4" from California Tropicals. Related Topics Plant Nature Outdoors and Nature comments . HB Hoya Variegated 8 in. Mix equal quantities of peat, orchid bark, and perlite. Perfect light will help plants in flowering. Learn more in our Privacy Policy, Help Centre, and Cookies & Similar Technologies Policy. Read our Hoya journal entry for more information. The hoya genus has over 600 species but the most common besides the pubicalyx include: Hoya australis is one of the most popular of the hoya genus and grows a lot of fragrant blooms. ","acceptedAnswer":{"@type":"Answer","text":"Yes, Hoya Carnosa Compacta is drought tolerant. NATIONAL DELIVERIES ARE CURRENTLY TAKING UP TO 3 WORKING DAYS TO DISPATCH, Popular in the 70s, this succulent also known as Wax Plant has enjoyed a recent resurgance in popularity. Drainage and aeration are the two qualities that are essential for Hoya Carnosa Compacta. Starter Vines. This is a plant community that focuses on the amazingness of this genus. Give it the right amount of light to encourage flowering. Important! Move it to a container that is two inches bigger than the previous. Etsy uses cookies and similar technologies to give you a better experience, enabling things like: Detailed information can be found in Etsys Cookies & Similar Technologies Policy and our Privacy Policy. We grow our hoyas outside in south Florida in bright shade/filtered light and most don't need a lot of water. Soon to be variegated compacta. You'llget a healthy Hoya carnosa 'Compacta' that meets our rigorous quality standards in your choice of a 4"or 6" nursery pot Planterssold separately. Bright, indirect light is also very important if you want your plant to bloom. Next, use this liquid to keep the pests away. From the latest trends to all-time classics, youll find a number of choices when exploring the offering by our seller community. Plant the cuttings in a potting mix, water, and keep it in indirect light. Etsy uses cookies and similar technologies to give you a better experience, enabling things like: Detailed information can be found in Etsys Cookies & Similar Technologies Policy and our Privacy Policy. This is a plant community that focuses on the amazingness of this genus. They must be transplanted into a more suitable soil. Hoya Assorted 3 in. There are a couple of ways to increase humidity for your houseplants. Etsys 100% renewable electricity commitment includes the electricity used by the data centres that host Etsy.com, the Sell on Etsy app, and the Etsy app, as well as the electricity that powers Etsys global offices and employees working remotely from home in the US. Features an exclusive reverse design created for Her Late Majesty The Queen's Platinum Jubilee. 37. r/hoyas 13 days ago. -The flower's surface fuzzy beacuse it is covered by tiny hair. ","acceptedAnswer":{"@type":"Answer","text":"Hoya Compacta needs to be repotted in spring only if one of the conditions apply:\n
Hoya Compacta responds well to the stem cutting propagation technique.