The larval stages are represented by 19-, 37-, and 64-h-old larvae, respectively (**P < 0.01). Although maximum reductions in the time of larval development under density effects were similar in the two species, C. megacephala had a shorter life stage and thus the density effects were greater than those in C. rufifacies. Whether the ecological role of C. rufifacies can be altered by different climates or geographic environments is still unknown; but in Taiwan (Chen et al. Hu Temperature, larval stage, and competition intensity are three newly proposed factors that have not been discussed in previous studies on interspecific competition. 4). Chrysomya megacephala was reared according to the method of Gaber et al., (2005). The maximum reduction time was 53.9 h, and the developmental time was ≈33.5% of that at the lower-density conditions (Fig. . ABSTRACT. Lond., Ser. Tel. Chrysomya megacephala is a saprophagous fly whose larvae can compost manure and yield biomass and bio‐fertilizer simultaneously. 263–285, Forensic entomology: the utility of arthropods in legal investigations, Development changes of cuticular hydrocarbons in, Larval competition for patchy resources in, This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/), which permits non-commercial reuse, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Larval survivorship increased as the density increased at densities of ≤160 larvae/60 g under interspecific competition but strongly decreased as density exceeded 160 larvae/60 g (Fig. Effects of single- and mixed-species rearing on the developmental times of first-, second-, and third-instar larvae (including the feeding and postfeeding stages) of C. megacephala (A) and C. rufifacies (B) at 28°C (**P < 0.01). 2a). Chrysomya megacephala larvae were then allowed to grow on the liver of carcass. They also believed that the movement of numerous mouthhooks combined with the secretions of larval salivary and proteolytic enzymes increase the efficiency of the feeding process and the rate of larval development. C. megacephala eggs take approximately 100 days to develop while the larva will take 86 days and pupa 85 days. Based on the conditions of slit on posterior spiracle which could be used to discern larval instars (Barros-Cordeiro and Pujol-Luz 2010), C. megacephala larva was the first instar at 20 and 26h and developed to The potential of C. megacephala (Fabricius) larvae oil (CMLO) for biodiesel applications was explored. A, C. megacephala; B, C. rufifacies. However, with interspecific competition, the first-instar larvae of C. rufifacies invaded maggot masses of C. megacephala to feed together. 7A), and it was interesting to note that the developmental time was shortened in the feeding stages but prolonged in the postfeeding stages. 10B). Therefore, we concluded that C. megacephala (Fabricius) larvae represent a potential alternative feedstock for biodiesel production. Because the rise in temperature caused by the feeding maggot mass might be obvious, we decided to select a condition of 40 larvae/60 g medium as our experimental condition, which provided sufficient food resources for larvae, and the feeding maggot mass caused only about a 1°C rise above the ambient temperature in our experiments. An evaluation was made of the post-embryonic development of three species of calliphorids in pasty dog food, which has a larger facility of storage, less cost and greater validity that nature diet (meat). Our results strongly suggest that the effect of interspecific competition is temperature dependent, especially the larval developmental time. (1999) and Faria and Godoy (2001), 45- (second instar) and 85-h-old (third instar) larvae from mixed-species cultures were selected. Chrysomya megacephala (Fabricius) (Oriental latrine fly) and Chrysomya rufifacies (Macquart) (hairy maggot blow fly), two predominant necrophagous species in Taiwan, are indigenous to the Australasian regions of the Old World tropics. K. L. Fecal material was respectively obtained by collecting the mixture of artificial diet after each instar larvae have fed (rearing conditions: same as in stock colonies; rearing density: 40 larvae/60 g of medium). Larval developmental time and adult dry weight were recorded for each treatment. Larval developmental time and adult dry weight of C. megacephala in single- (pure) and mixed-species (mixed) cultures at different temperatures (all at a density of 40 larvae/60 g medium)a. Shiao SF (1), Yeh TC. However, there are concerns for the safety of the composting system, that is risk of diseases spread by way of manure pathogens, residue of harmful metals and emission of greenhouse gases. Except at a density of 40 larvae/60 g (t = -2.72; df = 8; P = 0.0262), survivorship did not differ at low rearing densities (≤160 larvae/60 g medium) between single- and mixed-species cultures. 2A). Credit: Mr. P. Ramaraj. 2001), C. rufifacies is undoubtedly an active primary carrion species. Observations also showed that a single C. rufifacies larva could solely and successfully complete predation of a third-instar larva of C. megacephala; but more frequently, several larvae worked together until all the body fluid of the prey had been sucked out (Fig. ► Oil content in larvae was 24.40 wt% to 26.29 wt% comparing to soybean of 20 wt%. 2004) and other areas in the region, such as China (Zhu et al. Linear regression was used to determine the effects of different competition intensities on larval development. 3). Methods: About 200 larvae each were reared on four different substrates, i.e. 5 (in which the competition intensities are represented by the numbers of the opposite species, and 10, 20, and 30 were the numbers of the opposite species in the treatments with 40 larvae in total). As the competition intensity increased, the adult dry weight of C. megacephala significantly decreased (r = -0.7340, P < 0.0001), but the adult dry weight of C. rufifacies was not significantly affected (r = -0.1628, P = 0.427). Therefore, the results presented here remind us when using a single-species model to generate reference data in the laboratory, intraspecific competition and larval density factors should also be taken into account to prevent a bias of age determination, especially when using body size or length as an indicator. Temperature is one of the key factors affecting larval development. Results indicated that for the first 6 to 30 hours, larvae from control group developed more rapidly than larvae feeding on tissue containing malathion. Effects of different breeding densities on the duration of larval development (A), adult dry weight (B), and larval survivorship (C) of C. rufifacies under single- and mixed-species rearing at 28°C. Chrysomya megacephala, Chrysomya rufifacies, forensic entomology, myiasis, postmortem interval Myiasis has been reported in many parts of the world (Zumpt 1965). C. J. Lertthamnongtham Piangjai The developmental time of C. rufifacies also did not significantly differ when the density was <600 larvae/60 g (F = 2.087; df = 6,25; P = 0.09) and was ≈160.9 h on average, but it was significantly reduced when the density exceed 600 larvae/60 g (F = 4.194; P = 0.003). Using C. rufifacies as a more-reliable indicator for estimating PMI (Goodbrod and Goff 1990)? This means that interactions caused by these two coexisting primary fly species, such as competition and predation, may frequently play important roles in the successional dynamics of this early carrion faunal assemblage. S. Adult males were randomly sampled and identified 5 d after emergence for species reconfirmation, and some males and females of the same species were kept in a 30-cm3 rearing cage for mating. The overall larval developmental time was shortened by ≈6.9 h for C. megacephala. t-test analysis was performed to determine the effects of competition, Duncan’s new multiple-range test was used to analyze the different parameters at different temperatures, and two-way ANOVA was used to test the interactions of the two factors of temperature and competition. 2b). Higher temperatures generally enhance the effects of interspecific competition, because high temperatures speed up the developmental rates of both species and also change their responses to competition. One possible explanation is that C. megacephala has the potential to produce smaller viable adults to maintain higher survivorship; in other words, it produces smaller adults as a trade-off for maintaining survivorship. Further explanations are given in the following sections discussing ecological and behavioral aspects. Although C. rufifacies could use the food resource of cannibalism, its survivorship was still low. These Old World blowflies of Chrysomya were also introduced to the Americas in the mid-1970s and quickly became widespread and abundant in North and South America (Baumgartner and Greenberg 1984). Five larvae of the same instar stage from each species were placed into a 250-ml plastic cup without food. In summary, interspecific competition reduced both species’ developmental time, adult dry weight, and survivorship, and the results of the two-way ANOVA showed significant interactions between the competition and density factors for both C. megacephala (F = 12.70; df = 5; P < 0.01) and C. rufifacies (F = 10.196; df = 5; P < 0.01). Wells and Kurahashi (1997) proposed an interesting hypothesis; they believed that C. megacephala, historically sympatric with C. rufifacies, is relatively resistant to predation by C. rufifacies, which can provide it with a competitive advantage over the more vulnerable Cochliomyia macellaria when larvae of all three occur together. The sterile liquid The Oriental Latrine Fly, Chrysomya megacephala Fabricius, 1794, is notorious in this regard. Because predation only occurred with second- and third-instar larvae of C. rufifacies and also because a higher efficiency of food digestion is known to exist in maggot masses of C. megacephala (Goodbrod and Goff 1990), we believe that the early invasion by C. rufifacies into maggot masses of C. megacephala is probably only to facilitate their feeding efficiency and larval development, instead of for predation or cannibalism. Hung “Production” index of single- and mixed-species rearing at different temperatures. Native excretions/secretions (nES) were collected by incubating third-instar larvae of C.megacephala in a small quantity(100 larvae per 1ml) of sterile distilled water for 1 h at 30 °C in darkness. The uses of Chrysomya megacephala (Fabricius, 1794) (Diptera: Calliphoridae) in forensic entomology. Larva: Fully mature third instar muscoid-shaped (11 mm length), composed of 12 segments with pointed anterior and blunt posterior end (Fig. Adults of the synanthropic form of this species (see below) are attracted to foodstuffs, human and animal faeces and carrion and have been implicated in the transmission of viruses, protozoans, enteric bacteria and … Xu Goodbrod and Goff (1990) used a 5-liter container as their experimental arena, but we used a 250-ml plastic cup with some openings cut in the sides and an outside container that allowed the C. megacephala larvae to escape predation. 1B). Godoy W.A.C. The adult dry weights of C. megacephala were higher than those of C. rufifacies at low rearing densities, but were nevertheless lower when the density exceeded 320 larvae/60 g (Fig. When comparing our experimental results with those of Goodbrod and Goff (1990), we found that different experimental designs may have caused the different results. 9B). K. However, our results did not completely agree with previous studies, and we suspect that the difference was partially caused by different experimental designs and different biological characters of different blow fly colonies. Fly larvae have been successfully used to reduce mass of animal manure and yield biofertilizer and nutrient-rich larval products [2, 3]. ► Utilization of garbage reduces pollution and makes economic recycle possible. Philos. larger in the density of 200 larvae than in the density of 1,000 larvae at both temperatures (Table 3). In addition, Fig. Olson If more than six larvae were found to have aggregated at one end of the mixed diet, the orientation tendency was judged to be sustained and was recorded. In this study, we introduce a potential biodiesel source: Chrysomya megacephala (Fabricius) larvae (CML), which are proliferative and can be fed with a variety of low cost materials, such as manure, wheat bran, rotted meat and decayed vegetation. In our studies, both species of C. megacephala and C. rufifacies also exhibited similar trends under intraspecific competition of reduced larval developmental duration, larval survivorship, and adult dry weight at higher rearing densities. Copyright © 2021 Elsevier B.V. or its licensors or contributors. The results also imply the invasion of maggot masses of C. megacephala by C. rufifacies only occurred in their early larval stage. According to our observations and results of the experiment on larval movement orientation, the maggot mass of C. megacephala always formed quickly after the first instars hatched; however, the situation in C. rufifacies differed. Our advice of using developmental data in estimating PMI could be further summarized as followed: Use a mixed-species rearing to generate the reference data if possible. 2001), larval resistance to predation (Wells and Kurahashi 1997), cannibalistic behavior (Faria et al. Our results indicated that the factor of competition intensity works differently on these two species. X. H. A correlation between wing size and temperature as well as tibia size and temperature has also been found in this species. However, a linear regression of developmental rate versus competition intensities showed opposite results. 2004), these two blow fly species always first arrive and are present simultaneously on corpses, and the same situation was also observed by Goff (2000) in the Hawaiian Islands. Diet for Chrysomya megacephala, Chrysomya putoria and Cochliomyia macellaria (Diptera: Calliphoridae) larvae Abstract. However, we believe that C. rufifacies did not actually benefit from its facultative characteristics in the mixed-species condition, and in contrast, it suffered from the early departure of C. megacephala under higher larval densities. The current energy crisis greatly affects worldwide economic development. We are not able to completely clarify the complexity of this small ecosystem currently, but we believe the following issues should be further studied or reevaluated: Whether C. rufifacies is a primary or secondary fly (Early and Goff 1986)? Interspecific competition also significantly affected larval duration in most of the different temperature treatments except for that at 33°C (Table 2). However, body sizes were relatively stable regardless of whether for single- or mixed-species rearing except for that of the late instars of C. megacephala. The acid value of the CMLO was tested to be 1.10 mg KOH/g. 2006) and Thailand (Sukontason et al. Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford. Following the experimental design of Faria et al. The third instars of C. rufifacies were able to expel C. megacephala larvae from food by using a fleshy protrusion on their body surface; C. megacephala was usually forced to pupate earlier by shortening its larval stages. Until now, only a few studies related to interactions between different species of blow fly larvae have been published; including interactions between native and introduced blowflies (Wells and Greenberg 1992a, b), larval predation (Faria et al. L. A. I. Rearing of all stock colonies was performed in a growth chamber at 28°C, 80% RH, and a 12:12 (L:D) photoperiod. Chrysomya megacephala larvae feeding favourably influences manure microbiome, heavy metal stability and greenhouse gas emissions Xiaoyun Wang,1 Wanqiang Wang,1 Qiao Gao,1 Xiaoping Wang,2 Chaoliang Lei1,2 and Fen Zhu1,* 1Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Waste Conversion by Insects, In conclusion, competition decreased the larval duration of these two species by up to 2 d; this also draws attention to justifying the postmortem interval estimation of using larval developmental data when larval competition exists. Objective: To observe the effect of feeding on different pig tissues on the development of Chrysomya megacephala larvae. W.A.C. Sukontason However, the cross-effect of temperature and competition is still unclear; our preliminary conclusion was that the interaction is probably caused by different degrees of temperature durability in the two species. Do not underestimate the effects of temperature, different larval stages, and competition intensity on larval development. 5. So and Dudgeon (1989) have also shown that competition is an important factor influencing the structure of necrophagous dipteran communities. Carefully apply the body length or body weight of maggots as the indicator of larval development, especially when two or more species coexisted on the carrion. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2012.01.068. However, when the density was >160 larvae/60 g, competition strongly reduced larval survivorship. 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