Later Greek writers and artists used and elaborated upon these sources in their own work. VIDEO", "Octavia Minor and the Transition from Republic to Empire", Octavia's birth and life discussed briefly, Marcellus, Octavia's only son who died aged 20, Julia, Octavia's daughter-in-law and niece, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Octavia_the_Younger&oldid=1146568459, Marcus Valerius Messalla Corvinus (same man as, Tiberius Julius Caesar Germanicus (born between 7 and 12 AD), died as an infant, Gaius Julius Caesar Germanicus Major (born between 7 and 12 AD), died in childhood, Gaius Rubellius Blandus (? The most famous example is Jean-Auguste-Dominique Ingres's 1812 painting Virgil reading The Aeneid before Augustus, Livia and Octavia but other artists, including Jean-Joseph Taillasson, Antonio Zucchi, Jean-Baptiste Wicar, Jean-Bruno Gassies and Angelica Kaufmann, have also been inspired to depict this scene. n., consul in 128 BC; according to, Gaius Octavius C. f. C. n., the grandfather of Augustus, possessed considerable property, and lived quietly in his villa at Velitrae. [15] In 33, Antony sent men to eject her from his house in Rome. 2013, "Domina, il cast: Claire Forlani e Alexandra Moloney presentano Ottavia. Oxy'themis, O'bsequens [2] Octavia was born in Nola, present-day Italy; her father, a Roman governor and senator, died in 59 BC from natural causes. The prominent Greek mythological figures include Gods such as Apollo, Prometheus, and Dionysus, Goddesses including Amphitrite, Artemis, and Rhea, and Titans like Oceanus, Hyperion, and Thea. Usually arrives in 2-5 Days, Octavia Books | New Orleans, Louisiana - Independent Bookstore, Robert Mugge - NOTES FROM THE ROAD: A Filmmaker's Journey through American Music - in conversation with Ren Coman, Rob Verchick - THE OCTOPUS IN THE PARKING GARAGE, Brittany N. Williams - THAT SELF-SAME METAL. Many consumer products get their names from Greek mythology. Octavia, having been in Rome since 37, was sent to Antony by Octavian in 35. In the 1963 film Cleopatra, she is played by Jean Marsh in an uncredited role.[28]. , They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors. Early in 40 Antonys brother, the consul Lucius Antonius, supported by Antonys wife, Fulvia, rebelled against Octavian in Italy. His father was called Creticus because of his military operations in Crete; his grandfather, one of the leading orators of his day, was a consul and censor who was vividly portrayed as a speaker in Ciceros De oratore (55). That the myths contained a considerable element of fiction was recognized by the more critical Greeks, such as the philosopher Plato in the 5th-4th century bce. More than 200 men were proscribed and (when captured) killed (Cicero was one of them), either because they were enemies of the triumvirs or in order to confiscate their wealth. When Octavia returned to Rome Octavian portrayed his sister as a victim wronged by Antony, although she refused to leave Antony's household. The return journey of a hero from war was a favourite Greek mythical . [1], Most of the Octavii of the Republic were descended from Gnaeus Octavius Rufus, who had two sons, Gnaeus and Gaius. [21] She was one of the first Roman women to have coins minted bearing her image; only Antony's previous wife Fulvia pre-empted her. William Smith. The Porticus of Octavia in Rome is named for her. Antony sent her back because she arrived with almost none of the troops Antony had lent Octavian. la la Major va nixer a Roma l'any 43 aC. Ventidius, meanwhile, pushed the Parthians out of Asia Minor in 40 and drove them back beyond the Euphrates River (3938). The Catholic Encyclopedia. Rome. Write an article and join a growing community of more than 162,800 academics and researchers from 4,598 institutions. Even after Antony divorced her (32 BCE), she never
Augustus, after all, seems to have been a generous patron of the poet, and a certain amount of text-specific adulation might have been expected. [22] Augustus declined some other honors decreed to her by the senate, for reasons unknown. The return journey of a hero from war was a favourite Greek mythical narrative (including the Odyssey of course). For some years, she helped maintain peace between her brother and her husband. Livia and Octavia were made immune from tutela, the male guardianship which all women in Rome except for the Vestal Virgins were required to have. There is a story that Virgil needed to defend himself from this charge by saying that it is easier to steal Hercules club than steal one line from Homer. In 47 BC he was able to intercede with Caesar for his cousin and namesake, also a former consul, then living in exile. https://www.britannica.com/biography/Octavia-wife-of-Mark-Antony. Od. For a time he pursued a moderate policy, but when challenged by the 19-year-old Octavian (later the emperor Augustus), Caesars adopted son and heir, he turned against Caesars assassins. You may also choose to call upon the Warrior to champion the cause of others. Artemis (Greek) - This virgin goddess stood up for her rights to chastity and to live according to her own values. The first member of the gens to achieve prominence was Gnaeus Octavius Rufus, quaestor circa 230 BC. The descendants of the younger Gnaeus held many of the higher magistracies, but the descendants of Gaius remained simple equites, who did not rise to any importance. Guide to the Classics: Homer's Odyssey. Aeneas leads the survivors from the sack of Troy through the Mediterranean, and ultimately to the site of (future) Rome. Octavia the Younger (Latin: Octavia Minor; c. 66 BC 11 BC) was the elder sister of the first Roman Emperor, Augustus (known also as Octavian), the half-sister of Octavia the Elder, and the fourth wife of Mark Antony. The sudden end of the Aeneid, with such a violent turn, has proved very challenging and unsatisfying for many readers. Chris Mackie does not work for, consult, own shares in or receive funding from any company or organization that would benefit from this article, and has disclosed no relevant affiliations beyond their academic appointment. Your current position in the text is marked in blue. Se'rvius, Ocelli'na Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. After 36 BC, Octavia returned to Rome with the daughters of her second marriage. [3], Some time before 54 BC, her stepfather arranged for her to marry Gaius Claudius Marcellus. The past and the future often seem entangled in all kinds of ways, and then there is the question of Virgils own political outlook. Virgil follows suit in the Aeneid, but offers a much more complex notion of the heroic return. "The dead would go to Hades because there was no annihilation in the Greek mythology. She is the daughter of Hecate, the goddess of Maigc and Witchcraft from Greek Mythology and legacy of Isis goddess of medicine, from Egyptian Mythology, and currently attends Ever After High through the Mythology Program. Full search Mark Antony and Cleopatra were partners for 11 years and had three children together. Enyo(Greek) Goddess of Destructive warfare and sibling/partner of the war god, Ares. Eirene(Greek) - This Greek goddess of peace. In Augustus' rebuilding of Rome as a city of marble, Octavia was featured. 15 Mar. Click anywhere in the Od. Virgil reads the Aeneid to Octavia and Augustus. Aelius Donatus, in his Life of Vergil, states that Virgil, recited three whole books [of his Aeneid] for Augustus: the second, fourth, and sixththis last out of his well-known affection for Octavia, who (being present at the recitation) is said to have fainted at the lines about her son, " You shall be Marcellus" [Aen. According to this ancient author, the three sisters, Sthenno, Euryale, and Medusa, were the children of Phorcys and Ceto and lived "beyond famed Oceanus at the world's edge hard by Night". She was also consulted in regard to, and in some versions advised, that Augustus's daughter Julia marry Agrippa after her mourning for Marcellus ended. - Octavius Graecinus, one of the generals of, Lucius Octavius Naso, left his estate to Lucius Flavius, praetor. Andraste(British) Goddess of victory in battle and ravens. This man was leader in a war with a neighbouring town, and when news of a sudden onset of the enemy was brought to him just as he chanced to be sacrificing to Mars, he snatched the entrails of the victim from the fire and offered them up half raw; and thus he went forth to battle, and returned victorious. The poem is named after the Trojan hero Aeneas, the son of Venus (Aphrodite in Greek mythology) and Anchises, a Trojan aristocrat. Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. maternal grandmother of Claudius. During the Republic, none of the Octavii of this stirps bore any cognomen other than Rufus, and even this is rarely mentioned. Apart from their undoubted mutual affection, their alliance was politically useful. But as with the tale of Echo and Narcissus (see below), this is a doomed love story made more famous through Roman writers (Ovid, Virgil) than Greek originals. When she died, her brother had the Senate declare
A long-prepared attack on Parthia in 36 failed, with heavy lossesit was Antony's first military failure. Octavia was a faithful wife and mother who raised Antonys children by Cleopatra along with her own children. And it has remained so until this day. One of the great tragic love stories from Greek mythology, the tale of the musician Orpheus and his lover Eurydice features the Underworld. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). Antony then organized the East. Antony &
Lives: Antony
proper name, from Latin, from Octavius, from octavus "eighth," from octo (see eight ). f. Cn. wintering with Cleopatra in Alexandria (41-40
The bribe is in the form of Helen of Sparta, the most beautiful woman in the world. A famous anecdote, recorded in the late fourth-century vita of Virgil by Aelius Donatus, in which the poet read the passage in Book VI in praise of Octavia's late son Marcellus and Octavia fainted with grief, has inspired several works of art. For instance, mythological figures and events appear in the 5th-century plays of Aeschylus, Sophocles and Euripides and the lyric poems of Pindar. ("Agamemnon", "Hom. Alecto (Greek) - She is one of the Furies, as goddess of anger she influences human conflicts, inciting the Trojan war. - Despite the fact that in the majority of ancient cultures around the world, woman did not play an active role on the battlefield, there are numerous warrior goddesses. line to jump to another position: Current location in this text. Marcellus was a man of consular rank, a man who was considered worthy of her and was consul in 50 BC. On several occasions she acted as a political advisor and negotiator between her husband and brother. Sister to Caesar and wife to Mark Antony. But in 36 Antony left Italy to command troops in Parthia and while in the East resumed his liaison with the Egyptian queen Cleopatra. Gnaeus Octavius Ruso, quaestor in 105 BC under Marius, and praetor in an uncertain year prior to 91. Alternate titles: Marc Antony, Marcus Antonius, John Moors Cabot Professor of History, Harvard University. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). When Octavians fleet gained the upper hand, Cleopatra returned to Alexandria. They were later divorced (in 32 BC). They reflect the many different faces of war from the pointless death and destruction of war to the glories of victory. Dido is the great tragic figure in the first half of the poem (notably in Books 1, 4, and 6) after a romance and sexual liaison with Aeneas. Octa'via Octa'via Gens Octavia'nus Octavius Octavius Octavius Octavius Octavius Octavius Octavius . Image from Aeneid Book 1, translated by John Henderson (1886). See more. 1 d. 11 BC, Roman matron, sister of Emperor Augustus [1] and wife of Marc Antony [2], her second husband. Octavius C. f. Balbus, the son of the proscribed Gaius Octavius Balbus, who rushed to his house when he heard that his son was to be put to death. He tends to focus on the greater good, sometimes with an element of personal suffering (perhaps along Stoic lines). The Theogony, composed by Hesiod around 700 BCE, is an early Greek epic. Octavian defeated the rebellion, capturing and destroying Perusia (present-day Perugia). In 50 he was elected to the politically influential priesthood of the augurs, defeating Lucius Domitius Ahenobarbus. The Georgics, an earlier poetic work by Virgil on the subject of agriculture (2,188 lines), seems to have been written at a rate of about one line a day. Baby Names of Generation Alpha, Outstanding & Original Baby Names Beginning With O, Expectant Parents, Take Note: These Are the Baby-Naming Trends of 2010-2020. Her name translates as she who slaughter. Also known as Menchit. She became sole caretaker of their children,[16] except for Antyllus who was already with his father in the East. Agrippa had to divorce Octavia's daughter Claudia Marcella Major in order to marry Julia, so Augustus wanted Octavia's endorsement very much. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1911. Durga(Hindu) Fierce, demon fighting goddess and protector. She is an aspect of the goddess Morrigan. Artemis(Greek) - This virgin goddess stood up for her rights to chastity and to live according to her own values. She successfully exonerated herself, and Antony spent the winter of 4140 as her lover at Alexandria, Egypt. The great-grandfather of Augustus served as a military tribune during the Second Punic War, and survived the Battle of Cannae; however, when Marcus Antonius wished to throw contempt upon Augustus, he called this Gaius Octavius a freedman and a restio, or rope-maker. She is depicted with four arms, in one she carries a sword and another the head of a demon. The last of these, Aeneass journey into the Underworld in Aeneid 6, fundamentally influenced the poet Dantes (1265-1321) own narrative of life after death. Lavinia is a charmingly prim and proper Victorian-sounding name which actually dates back to classical mythology, where it was the name of the wife of the Trojan hero Aeneas, who was considered the mother of the Roman people. Suetonius, "The Life of Augustus," 2, 4, 6. The two men divided the empire between them, Octavian taking everything west of Scodra (present-day Shkodr, Alb.) Octavian. Baby Names That Give Off a Coastal Grandmother Vibe, Beautiful, Angelic Baby Names That Mean Miracle, A Fascinating New Study Reveals the Best (and Worst!) Their combined forces twice defeated Antony, who was besieging Brutus Albinus at Mutina (present-day Modena). Mark Antony was a Roman general underJulius Caesarand later triumvir who ruled Romes eastern provinces (4330BCE). Unfortunately, Helen is already married to the Spartan king Menelaus, and so the Trojan war follows soon after. . [1] Augustus, in his memoirs, mentioned that his father was a novus homo with no senatorial background. Morrigan(Irish) A terrifying crow goddess associated with war and death. He then joined Caesar in Greece, commanded his left wing in the Battle of Pharsalus, and was sent back as master of the horse (a dictators second-in-command) in 48 to keep order in Italy. [1][6], The chief praenomina used by the Octavii were Gnaeus, Gaius, Marcus, and Lucius. Mahlon H. Smith
Vegio continues the narrative where Virgil leaves off, justifying the death of Turnus, and telling ultimately of the deification of Aeneas. [9] Between 40 and 36 BC, she travelled with Antony to various provinces and lived with him in his Athenian mansion. In 42 Gaius Cassius and Marcus Brutus, defeated in two battles at Philippi (Macedonia) in which Antony distinguished himself as commander, killed themselves and, with these acts, the republican cause. 10. - Before 54 bc Octavia was married to Gaius Marcellus, by whom she had two daughters and a son. After the death of her son Marcellus in 23, she withdrew from public life. Gaius Octavius, also known as Octavian, was Julius Caesar's great-nephew and adopted child. (Irish) This war goddess represents the blood thirsty frenzy and chaos of war. Antony returned to Rome & confirmed his
He was also a member of the influential Claudian family and descended from Marcus Claudius Marcellus, a famous general in the Second Punic War. When the Civil War broke out betweenPompeyand Caesar, Antony was tribune of theplebsand supported Caesar. The Aeneids thematic connections to earlier myth and literature come to the fore in the depiction of Dido, the queen of Carthage. What was Mark Antonys relationship to Cleopatra? After initial skirmishes, Antony and Octavian were reconciled at Brundisium (present-day Brindisi) and, since Fulvia had died in the meantime, Antony married Octavians sister, Octavia. All Rights Reserved. [citation needed] Some[who?] Lucius Octavius L. f. Rufus, a contemporary of Augustus, was, Gaius Octavius Lampadio, a grammarian, who divided the poem of. Juno takes badly her loss in the beauty contest, and hates everything Trojan, both during the war, and after. The Aeneid, therefore, is focused on the grand scale on the city of Rome and its empire, its formation, and its destiny within the order of the Olympian gods. Octavia's later life, around the time of the death of Marcellus, is depicted in the 1976 television adaptation of Robert Graves's novel I, Claudius. Sekhmet(Egyptian) The lioness headed goddess of Upper Egypt her name means powerful one. Also known as the lady of slaughter because in her aspect as the eye of Ra, she stained the battlefields red with the blood of humans. So the general point here is that the reader of the Dido books is invited to engage with many different mythical and historical narratives. The alliance was severely tested by Antony's abandonment of Octavia and their children in favor of his former lover Queen Cleopatra VII of Egypt (Antony and Cleopatra had met in 41 BC, an interaction that resulted in Cleopatra bearing twins, Alexander Helios, a boy, and Cleopatra Selene, a girl). Octavia was born around 66 BC. When you buy through our . Mars, the God of war, is often depicted in Roman mythology as a youthful or mature man with a beard. Greek mythology, body of stories concerning the gods, heroes, and rituals of the ancient Greeks. . Marcus Octavius Cn. Although he had escaped his house, he went to his son's house when he heard that his son was to be slain, and there met his death after discovering the ruse. The Aeneid looks back to a time well before the foundation of the city of Rome, and forward to the realities of Roman imperialism up to Virgils own day. Octavia and her first husband had one son and two daughters who survived to adulthood. Read more: dispute Seneca's version, as Octavia publicly opened the Library of Marcellus, dedicated in his memory, while her brother completed the Marcellus's theatre in his honor. The opposing armies broke up after the deaths of both consuls, and Antony was joined by Marcus Aemilius Lepidus and Lucius Munatius Plancus with their armies. Civil war broke out when Caesar invaded Italy from Gaul in 49 BC.[3]. an American Theological
Victoria(Egyptian) She is the Egyptian version of the Greek goddess of Victory. Cloelia managed to flee the hostage camp, leading a group of other Roman virgins across the River Tiber. Octavia was the daughter of Gaius Octavius and his second wife, Atia. Marcellus, a friend of Cicero, was an initial opponent of Julius Caesar when Caesar invaded Italy, but did not take up arms against his wife's great uncle at the Battle of Pharsalus, and was eventually pardoned by him. In Latin Baby Names the meaning of the name Octavia is: Born Eighth. She was one of the Olympian Goddesses Nike(Greek) Personification of victory in both battle and peaceful competitions. Auden was rather unsympathetic to Virgil in his poem Secondary Epic (1959): Not even the first of the Romans can learn. Oeno'maus, Oeno'ne She also sponsored and advised many of the heroes in Greek mythology. Discover the names of the star Goddesses and the regions that they came from. Whereas the Homeric poems end in an atmosphere of peace and tranquillity, Virgils Aeneid ends with unremitting violence. Vol. The presence of sequels like this indicates just how confronting and original the Aeneid is so much that later poets needed to normalise it. Marcius was in charge of educating Octavia and her brother Octavian, later known as Augustus. [7][8] Her husband Marcellus died in May 40 BC. Whilst the shadow side of the warrior reflects the need to win at all costs, abandoning ethical principles to prove your supremacy. Olympian deities looked like men and women (though they could change themselves into animals and other things) and were as many myths recounted vulnerable to human foibles and passions.. Other gods and goddesses sometimes included in the roster of Olympians are: Greek mythology does not just tell the stories of gods and goddesses, however. line: Copyright 1999-2023
Find History on Facebook (Opens in a new window), Find History on Twitter (Opens in a new window), Find History on YouTube (Opens in a new window), Find History on Instagram (Opens in a new window), Find History on TikTok (Opens in a new window), https://www.history.com/topics/ancient-greece/greek-mythology, Zeus (Jupiter, in Roman mythology): the king of all the gods (and father to many) and god of weather, law and fate, Hera (Juno): the queen of the gods and goddess of women and marriage, Aphrodite (Venus): goddess of beauty and love, Apollo (Apollo): god of prophesy, music and poetry and knowledge, Artemis (Diana): goddess of hunting, animals and childbirth, Athena (Minerva): goddess of wisdom and defense, Demeter (Ceres): goddess of agriculture and grain, Dionysus(Bacchus): god of wine, pleasure and festivity, Hephaestus(Vulcan): god of fire, metalworking and sculpture, Hermes (Mercury): god of travel, hospitality and trade and Zeuss personal messenger, Hestia (Vesta): goddess of home and family, Eros (Cupid): god of sex and minion to Aphrodite. We strive for accuracy and fairness. Library Association Selected Religion Website
Roman women and triumviral politics, 43-37 B.C., Erhart, K. P. A new portrait type of Octavia Minor (? - Presumably, Octavia continued to live with her husband from the time of their marriage (she would have been between 12 and 15 when they married)[5] to her husband's death. His grandfather, one of the leading orators of his day, was a consul and censor who was vividly portrayed as a speaker inCicerosDe oratore(55). Omissions? The surname, which means "red," may have been obtained by one of the Octavii because he had red hair. He first summoned Cleopatra, the queen of Egypt, to Tarsus (southeastern Asia Minor) to answer reports that she had assisted their enemies. She was worshipped by the Iceni tribe. Indeed his whole quest is really to unravel the mysteries of fate, and then duly to act upon them. The Roman Goddess list contains names and attributes of over fifty Roman Goddesses. There is every reason to think that Virgils Aeneid became a classic as soon as it was written and published. . Li'via, O'crea This power comes from her magical cauldron, where she brews great potions to help others. They were granted sacrosanctitas, meaning it was illegal to verbally insult them. . They travelled the battlefields, taking those who died valiantly in battle, to a glorious afterlife in Valhalla. line to jump to another position: Oarses Mark Antony, Latin Marcus Antonius, (born 83died August, 30 bce, Alexandria, Egypt), Roman general under Julius Caesar and later triumvir (4330 bce), who, with Cleopatra, queen of Egypt, was defeated by Octavian (the future emperor Augustus) in the last of the civil wars that destroyed the Roman Republic. It was probably written down in Rome from 30-19 BC during the period of the Emperor Augustus. Mark Antonywas the son and grandson of men of the same name. Over the following two centuries, the Octavii held many of the highest offices of the state; but the most celebrated of the family was Gaius Octavius, the grandnephew and adopted son of Caesar, who was proclaimed Augustus by the senate in 27 BC.[1]. Octavia definition, sister of Roman emperor Augustus and wife of Marc Anthony. It is also an unfinished poem, although still remarkably polished. Octavia died of natural causes. As with other ancient epics, our hero has to remain resolute in the face of significant divine hostility. In 39 Antony and Octavian concluded a treaty with Sextus Pompeius (see Pompeius Magnus Pius, Sextus), who controlled the seas and had been blockading Italy. Plutarch, Parallel
The Book of Martha by Octavia Butler portrays a black woman . Valkyries (Scandinavian) - These shapeshifting goddesses are associated with war. From their lofty perch, they ruled every aspect of human life. [3][4][5], This story is not improbable in itself, but since neither Livy nor Dionysius mention the Octavii when they speak of Velitrae, and the Octavii do not appear in history till the latter half of the third century BC, the tradition connecting them with the Roman kings may be safely rejected. There is some evidence that Virgil wrote it first in prose, before developing the poetic version. By a Senatorial decree, Octavia married Mark Antony in October 40 BC, as his fourth wife (his third wife Fulvia having died shortly before). Represents the blood thirsty frenzy and chaos of war in 35 and attributes of over fifty Goddesses. La Major va nixer a Roma l & # x27 ; any 43 aC sibling/partner of augurs... Goddess represents the blood thirsty frenzy and chaos of war, is often in... 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Homo with no senatorial background and to live according to her own children her husband died... Had two daughters and a son BC Octavia was a favourite Greek mythical suffering ( perhaps along lines... `` Domina, il cast: Claire Forlani e Alexandra Moloney presentano Ottavia as. 37, was Julius Caesar & # x27 ; s great-nephew and child! Stories concerning the gods, heroes, and Antony spent the winter of 4140 as her at... As her lover at Alexandria, Egypt [ 1 ] [ 8 ] husband... John Henderson ( 1886 ) Octavius Ruso, quaestor in 105 BC under Marius, and Lucius Virgil... Survivors from the sack of Troy through the Mediterranean, and praetor in an uncredited.! Improve this article ( requires login ) will review what youve submitted and whether! And determine whether to revise the article Warrior reflects the need to win all... And wife of Marc Anthony was already with his father was a favourite Greek mythical narrative ( including the of... Was written and published and the lyric poems of Pindar of the same name [ 28 ] and attributes over... 'S endorsement very much is often depicted in Roman mythology as a youthful or man...