fall of constantinople dbqfall of constantinople dbq

Luckily for the occupants of the city, the Ottomans were not interested in killing potentially valuable slaves but rather in the loot they could get from raiding the city's houses, so they decided to attack the city instead. Girolamo Minotto[el; es; fr; it] and his Venetians were stationed in the Blachernae Palace, together with Teodoro Caristo, the Langasco brothers, and Archbishop Leonardo of Chios. This mini-DBQ has multiple classroom uses. It was one of the largest and most powerful empires in the ancient world. [75] The elder refugees in the Hagia Sophia were slaughtered and the women raped. [65] The looting was extremely thorough in certain parts of the city. Mehmed was determined to take the Golden Horn and pressure the Byzantines into submission. Constantinople-1453!! 1. Its capital was Constantinople, named after the Emperor Constantine. 30 November 2015. Byzantine Empire. San Stefano peace treaty between Russia and the Ottoman Empire. Document 1 . Rome's leader was overthrown, causing the Roman Empire to fall. Print. Konstantinopel ( Istanbul modern) Hasil. Student Constantinople DBQ .docx. The most straightforward theory for Western Rome's collapse pins the fall on a string of military losses sustained against outside forces. eis tn plin, "to the City"), and it is claimed that it had already spread among the Turkish populace of the Ottoman Empire before the conquest. An adjoining sea wall ran along the Golden Horn and the Sea of Marmara, the latter section being 20 feet (6 metres) high and 5 miles (8 km) long. 0. Constantine's men eventually could not prevent the Ottomans from entering the city and the defenders were overwhelmed at several points along the wall. The city was located between Asia and Europe, making it a very diverse and strategic place. The first target was the Byzantine garrison at nearby Galata on the other shore of the Golden Horn. Women were raped, virgins deflowered and youths forced to take part in shameful obscenities. Source: Judith Herrin, "The Fall of Constantinople," History Today, June 2003 4. A codification of Roman law that saved Roman laws, established by Justinian in the Byzantine Empire. Pihak terlibat. Why. The Public Defiance 3. The Fall of the Roman Empire The Roman Empire began in 27 BC. He also began to view himself as Kayser-i Rm (Caesar of Rome), the inheritor of the Roman Empire and all its historical lands. However, as the growing Ottoman power from this date on coincided with the Protestant Reformation and subsequent Counter-Reformation, the recapture of Constantinople became an ever-distant dream. Edit. [71] According to historian Philip Mansel, widespread persecution of the city's civilian inhabitants took place, resulting in thousands of murders and rapes. military problems like armor and conscription legal injustice foreign invasions and natural disasters''NAME CONSTANTINOPLE DBQ . 4.9. In 1452 he reached peace treaties with Hungary and Venice. He further declared the restoration of houses and property to those who had abandoned our city before the siege. Quote Reply Topic: I need Primary Sources in English about the fall of.. . In retaliation, the defenders brought their Ottoman prisoners, 260 in all, to the walls, where they were executed, one by one, before the eyes of the Ottomans. This item is an extract from the detailed account of an Arab envoy to Constantinople in the late 10th century. "Fall of the Empire", Byzantium and Putin's Russia", World History Encyclopedia 1453: The Fall of Constantinople, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fall_of_Constantinople&oldid=1148497328. Some Western individuals, however, came to help defend the city on their own account. Constantinoples defenders once again held their ground, however, and Baltaolus success at the islands was irreparably marred by the revelation that three relief ships from the pope and one large Byzantine vessel had nearly reached the city unhindered. Headed for a fall At its peak in 117 CE, the Roman Empire covered some 2.3 million square miles (5.9 million square kilometers) over three continents, Africa, Asia, and Europe. The garrison used a few small-calibre artillery pieces, which in the end proved ineffective. During three days of pillaging, the Ottoman invaders captured children and took them away to their tents, and became rich by plundering the imperial palace and the houses of Constantinople. It can serve as a formative or final assessment in a unit on medieval Islamic civilization, an introduction to DBQs and DBQ writing, or a class activity to help teach the fall of Constantinople, the Byzantine Empire, or the Ottoman Empire. [65], Ottomans used the Arabic transliteration of the city's name "Qosanniyye" () or "Kostantiniyye", as can be seen in numerous Ottoman documents. Mehmed ordered a third attack on the gate, this time with one of his own palace regiments of 3,000 Janissaries. Shortly after the Venetians left, a few Genoese ships and even the Emperor's ships followed them out of the Golden Horn. According to the legend, the priests will appear again on the day that Constantinople returns to Christian hands. SS.912.W.2.2 Describe the impact of Constantine the Great's establishment of "New Rome" (Constantinople) and his recognition of Christianity as a legal religion. Although the sultan attempted to prevent a total sack of the city, he permitted an initial period of looting that saw the destruction of many Orthodox churches. . The younger son, renamed Mesih Pasha, became Admiral of the Ottoman fleet and Sancak Beg (Governor) of the Province of Gallipoli. He stopped to pray and then demanded that all further looting cease immediately. Guillaume Dufay composed several songs lamenting the fall of the Eastern church, and the duke of Burgundy, Philip the Good, avowed to take up arms against the Turks. He also began the construction of the Boazkesen (later called the Rumelihisar), a fortress at the narrowest point of the Bosporus, in order to restrict passage between the Black and Mediterranean seas. For some time Greek scholars had gone to Italian city-states, a cultural exchange begun in 1396 by Coluccio Salutati, chancellor of Florence, who had invited Manuel Chrysoloras, to lecture at the University of Florence. Serbia, Romania, and Montenegro receive independence from the Ottoman Empire (previously had autonomous status). Stefan Duan, Tsar of Serbia, and Ivan Alexander, Tsar of Bulgaria, both made similar claims, regarding themselves as legitimate heirs to the Roman Empire. 125 times. [96]:446 Thomas escaped to Rome when the Ottomans invaded Morea while Demetrius expected to rule a puppet state, but instead was imprisoned and remained there for the rest of his life. A few civilians managed to escape. Among many modern historians, the fall of Constantinople is considered the end of the medieval period. the sultan mehmed built a fortress in the winter of 1451 that cut off constantine's shipment supplies. Check Pages 1-4 of DBQ: The European Age of Exploration - HargroveKMS - home in the flip PDF version. When the Venetians retreated over to their ships, the Ottomans had already taken the walls of the Golden Horn. Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. [note 10]. Constantinople The' 'DBQ QUIZ 2 FALL OF THE WESTERN ROMAN EMPIRE FLASHCARDS OCTOBER 30TH, 2020 - THE INTRODUCTION OF CHRISTIANITY HAD SOME INFLUENCE ON THE DECLINE AND FALL OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE THIS WAS THE . DBQ 3: Byzantine Empire under Justinian Big Idea | When Justinian became emperor in 527, he was determined to revive the ancient Roman Empire, to build a new Rome. Genoese and Catalan troops were stationed at the Great Palace; Cardinal Isidore of Kiev guarded the tip of the peninsula near the boom. Split Rome and made Constantinople the capital of the Eastern part of the empire As the Roman empire crumbled, what did Constantinople do? DBQ: The European Age of Exploration - HargroveKMS - home was published by on 2015-03-14. . . The fall of Constantinople, also known as the conquest of Constantinople, was the capture of the capital of the Byzantine Empire by the Ottoman Empire. The section of the land walls from the Pegae Gate to the Golden Gate (itself guarded by a Genoese called Manuel) was defended by the Venetian Filippo Contarini, while Demetrius Cantacuzenus had taken position on the southernmost part of the Theodosian wall. 197-205. [31]:147 Another legend refers to the Marble Emperor (Constantine XI), holding that an angel rescued the emperor when the Ottomans entered the city, turning him into marble and placing him in a cave under the earth near the Golden Gate, where he waits to be brought to life again (a variant of the sleeping hero legend). The new fortress sat directly across the strait from the Anadolu Hisar fortress, built by Mehmed's great-grandfather Bayezid I. Fall of Rome Continuation of the Roman Empire as the Eastern Roman Empire Eastern Roman Empire becomes the Byzantine Empire Key to the Byzantine Empire's success = Constantinople What. Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low-quality. Military support came from Venice and Genoa. Constantine XI's survival and subsequent rescue by an angel, bringing with them knowledge and documents from the Greco-Roman tradition to Italy, "One among many renegades: the Serb janissary Konstantin Mihailovi and the Ottoman conquest of the Balkans", "Militarization of the Serbian State under Ottoman Pressure", "Fall of Constantinople | Facts, Summary, & Significance | Britannica", "stanbul'un fethinde 600 Trk askeri, Fatih'e kar savat", "Constantinople: City of the World's Desire 14531924", "The Conquest of Constantinople and the end of empire", "Bosphorus (i.e. Sources hostile towards the Genoese (such as the Venetian Nicol Barbaro), however, report that Longo was only lightly wounded or not wounded at all, but, overwhelmed by fear, simulated the wound to abandon the battlefield, determining the fall of the city. A small fleet of naval and armed merchant vessels were also stationed in the Golden Horn to defend the chain. Student Edition NAME DATE 1. . This fleet narrowly escaped prior to the Ottoman navy assuming control over the Golden Horn, which was accomplished by midday. With this conquest, a new group of people came in with a different religion known as Islam. It falls in 476 AD due to speculated reasons. These were the three Genoese ships sent by the Pope, joined by a large Imperial transport ship which had been sent on a foraging mission to Sicily previous to the siege and was on its way back to Constantinople. He then ordered a muezzin ascend the pulpit and sound a prayer[89][90] The Hagia Sophia was converted into a mosque, but the Greek Orthodox Church was allowed to remain intact and Gennadius Scholarius was appointed Patriarch of Constantinople. [99][100] Those Greeks who stayed behind in Constantinople mostly lived in the Phanar and Galata districts of the city. [48], Mehmed built a fleet (crewed partially by Spanish sailors from Gallipoli) to besiege the city from the sea. Omissions? The crosses which had been placed on the roofs or the walls of churches were torn down and trampled. Mehmed II and his army were remarkably restrained in their handling of affairs after the fall of Constantinople. Other sources claim far more brutal and successful pillaging by the Ottoman invaders. Continuities: The Byzantine Empire initially maintained many Roman systems of governance and law and aspects of Roman culture. My friends and men of my empire! Between 1346 and 1349 the Black Death killed almost half of the inhabitants of Constantinople. [note 7] The Byzantines intercepted the first tunnel on the night of 16 May. Mehmed cut him down with his Kilij: Be satisfied with the booty and the captives; the buildings of the city belong to me.[79], During the festivities, and as he had promised his viziers and his other officers, Mehmed had the wretched citizens of Constantinople dragged before them and ordered many of them to be hacked to pieces, for the sake of entertainment.[80][81], Byzantine historian Doukas claims that, while drunk during his victory banquet, the Sultan ordered the Grand Duke Loukas Notaras to give his youngest son to him for his pleasure. "[83], Mehmed stabbed to death another 14 year old Christian boy who "preferred death to infamy". The city of Constantinople (modern Istanbul) was founded by Roman emperor Constantine I in 324 CE and it acted as the capital of the Eastern Roman Empire, or Byzantine Empire as it has later become known, for well over 1,000 years. These Turks kept loyal to the Emperor and perished in the ensuing battle. Sources. History. Stephanie's History Store. Constantine and his Greek troops guarded the Mesoteichion, the middle section of the land walls, where they were crossed by the river Lycus. Some contemporaneous Western sources gave exaggerated figures ranging from 160,000 to 300,000. Byzantine Empire. . Vast open fields constituted much of the land within the walls. Corrections? In Rome, Thomas and his family received some monetary support from the Pope and other Western rulers as Byzantine emperor in exile, until 1503. Long before the fall of Constantinople, Demetrius had fought for the throne with Thomas, Constantine, and their other brothers John and Theodore. DIFFICULTIES WITH ALEXIS 1. [32]:380 This strategy was used because in 1204, the armies of the Fourth Crusade successfully circumvented Constantinople's land defences by breaching the Golden Horn Wall, which faces the Horn. Leonard of Chios made accounts of the atrocities that followed the fall of Constantinople stated the Ottoman invaders pillaged the city, murdered or enslaved tens of thousands of people, and raped nuns, women and children: All the valuables and other booty were taken to their camp, and as many as sixty thousand Christians who had been captured. Rumours of Constantine XI's survival and subsequent rescue by an angel led many to hope that the city would one day return to Christian hands. In Egypt good tidings were proclaimed, and Cairo decorated to celebrate this greatest of conquests. The Sharif of Mecca wrote to Mehmed, calling the Sultan the one who has aided Islam and the Muslims, the Sultan of all kings and sultans,. Document 2 At the same time Procopius saw Justinian as a liar and a hypocrite. Document 3 Justinian ruled with absolute power, as he . After the doors were breached, the troops separated the congregation according to what price they might bring in the slave markets. First settled in the seventh century B.C., Constantinople developed into a thriving port thanks to . Michael Spilling, ed., Battles That Changed History: Key Battles That Decided the Fate of Nations ( London, Amber Books Ltd. 2010) p. 187. There are many speculations on what caused the most powerful and greatest Empire of its time to fall. The Byzantine Empire through Primary Sources DOCUMENT 4 Laws of Justinian (529-534CE) Besides the Hagia Sophia the other major accomplishment of the Roman's (of Byzantine Empire) during the reign of Justinian was the Corpus Juris Civilis (Justinian's Code).Which took centuries of built up Roman law and codified/standardized it for the empire. SQ 5. Here he encountered some resistance; one of his Viziers, the veteran Halil Pasha, who had always disapproved of Mehmed's plans to conquer the city, now admonished him to abandon the siege in the face of recent adversity. His mission to the court of Basil II concerned Bardas Skleros, a claimant to the Byzantine throne who had gone to Baghdad seeking Arab support. The eastern half of the Roman Empire, which survived after the fall of the Western Empire at the end of the 5th century C.E. fighting Empire's downfall (4) Emptied the treasury Successors would lose what was gained Weakened the defense, by spreading the army out Victories were temporary What did Empire Constantine do? [57] Venetian surgeon Niccol Barbaro, describing in his diary one such land attack by the Janissaries, wrote, They found the Turks coming right up under the walls and seeking battle, particularly the Janissaries and when one or two of them were killed, at once more Turks came and took away the dead ones without caring how near they came to the city walls. [citation needed] The Venetian Barbaro observed that blood flowed in the city "like rainwater in the gutters after a sudden storm" and that bodies of Turks and Christians floated in the sea "like melons along a canal". It covers the Byzantine Empire from the Fall of the Western Roman Empire to the Fall of Constantinople to the Ottomons. Emperor John VIII Palaiologos had also recently negotiated union with Pope Eugene IV, with the Council of Florence of 1439 proclaiming a Bull of Union. On 2 June, the Sultan found the city largely deserted and half in ruins; churches had been desecrated and stripped, houses were no longer habitable, and stores and shops were emptied. This section of the walls had been built earlier, in the 11th century, and was much weaker. If they returned home, they would be treated according to their rank and religion, as if nothing had changed. Robert of Clari was a knight from Picardy who took part in the Fourth Crusade, which ended with the capture of Constantinople in 1204. Before his death, Notaras supposedly said that Him who was crucified for us, died and arose and urged his horrified sons to reject the advances of Mehmed and not fear the outcome. Mehmed then ordered the severed head be skinned, stuffed with bran, and sent as a symbol of victory to the governors of Persia and Arabia, in order to remind them that "it was a Turk who did what for centuries they could not. Orban, a Hungarian (though some suggest he was German), was a somewhat mysterious figure. Issue 6. Byzantine DBQ Questions 8/21 DRAFT. [94], In the past we received our wounds in Asia and in Africain foreign countries. "The Fall of Constantinople." HistoryToday. Just before dawn, the sultan launched a coordinated artillery, infantry, and naval assault on Constantinople. Although some troops did arrive from the mercantile city-states in northern Italy, the Western contribution was not adequate to counterbalance Ottoman strength. He asserted this claim with a series of campaigns that thoroughly subjugated both the Balkans and Greece by the late 15th century. Having previously established a large foundry about 150 miles (240km) away, Mehmed now had to undertake the painstaking process of transporting his massive artillery pieces. The rest surrendered or committed suicide by jumping off the city walls. The unique . The Genoese general in charge of the defenders on land, Giovanni Giustiniani, was grievously wounded during the attack, and his evacuation from the ramparts caused a panic in the ranks of the defenders. Edit. Emperor Constantine XI is reported to have been killed while either fighting near the breach or fleeing to an escape boat. When most of Constantinople was secure, Mehmed himself rode through the streets of the city to the great cathedral of Hagia Sophia, the largest in all of Christendom, and converted it into the mosque Ayasofya. Having encircled Constantinople in full, Mehmed continued his artillery barrage of the land walls through May 29. Their fleet moved from Gallipoli to nearby Diplokionion, and the sultan himself set out to meet his army. On 23 May, the Byzantines captured and tortured two Turkish officers, who revealed the location of all the Turkish tunnels, which were destroyed.[60]. Despite his pleas, no Western monarch stepped forward to lead the effort. 1 - Internal Strife. He angled one of his cannons such that it could strike the defenders of the chain and then began to construct an oiled wooden ramp upon which he intended to portage his smaller vessels from the Bosporus to the Golden Horn. In the early hours of May 29, Ottoman labourers filled the moat surrounding the city. [20]:374 His 27 feet (8.2m) long cannon was named "Basilica" and was able to hurl a 600lb (270kg) stone ball over a mile (1.6km). The next major turning point was the Fall of Constantinople (or the Fall of the Byzantine Empire) in 1453, when the Ottoman Empire (Islamic) invaded. In Mehmed's view, he was the successor to the Roman Emperor, declaring himself Kayser-i Rum, literally "Caesar of Rome", that is, of the Roman Empire, though he was remembered as "the Conqueror". There were lamentations and weeping in every house, screaming in the crossroads, and sorrow in all churches; the groaning of grown men and the shrieking of women accompanied looting, enslavement, separation, and rape.[78]Mehmed entered the Hagia Sophia, marveling at the sight of the grand basilica. Document 1: Why was the Ottoman conquest of Constantinople a turning point? This will cover from the rise of Islam, to its sieges of t. "[29]:59, For others, there was still a distant hope that the lights were the campfires of the troops of John Hunyadi who had come to relieve the city. 10th grade . [59] An engineer named Johannes Grant, a German who came with the Genoese contingent, had counter-mines dug, allowing Byzantine troops to enter the mines and kill the miners. [112][113][114], For the fall of Constantinople, Marios Philippides and Walter Hanak list 15 eyewitness accounts (13 Christian and 2 Turkish) and 20 contemporary non-eyewitness accounts (13 Italian).[115]. When the fog lifted that evening, a strange light was seen playing about the dome of the Hagia Sophia, which some interpreted as the Holy Spirit departing from the city. Their father's words encouraged them, and they were also were ready to die. 61% average accuracy. [citation needed] Ottoman casualties are unknown but they are believed by most historians to be severe due to several unsuccessful Ottoman attacks made during the siege and final assault. It lasted from the fall of the Roman Empire until the Ottoman conquest in 1453. [1] Score As western Europe fell to the Germanic invasions, imperial power shifted to the Byzantine Empire, that is, the eastern part of the Roman Empire, with its capital at Constantinople. Since the mutual excommunications of 1054, the Pope in Rome was committed to establishing unity with the eastern church. They largely refrained from slaughtering commoners and nobility, instead choosing to ransom them to their home states and primarily executing only those who fought after the surrender. The fortress of Therapia on the Bosphorus and a smaller castle at the village of Studius near the Sea of Marmara were taken within a few days. [32][pageneeded][31]:85 Further undermining Byzantine morale, seven Italian ships with around 700 men, despite having sworn to defend Constantinople, slipped out of the capital the moment Giustiniani arrived. These migrs were grammarians, humanists, poets, writers, printers, lecturers, musicians, astronomers, architects, academics, artists, scribes, philosophers, scientists, politicians and theologians. [20]:373 But Mehmed's mild words were not matched by his actions. Letter of the Knights of St. John on the Fall of Constantinople (72.9KB PDF Document) 2 September 2008. The Emperor was not willing to leave the city without a fight: As to surrendering the city to you, it is not for me to decide or for anyone else of its citizens; for all of us have reached the mutual decision to die of our own free will, without any regard for our lives. "[31]:152, Looting was carried out on a massive scale by sailors and marines who entered the city via other walls before they had been suppressed by regular troops, who were beyond the main gate. [40]:40 It has also been claimed that Constantinople was "the best-defended city in Europe" at that time. A devastating blow to Christendom, the loss of Constantinople led Pope Nicholas V to call for an immediate crusade to recover the city. Get a Britannica Premium subscription and gain access to exclusive content. Lastly, he guaranteed the safety of the population that might choose to remain in the city. Pengepungan terakhir Konstantinopel, miniatur Prancis abad ke-15 kontemporer. Mehmed stripped Baltoghlu of his wealth and property and gave it to the janissaries and ordered him to be whipped 100 times.[26]. The Holy and Sacred Synod, presided over by His All-Holiness Ecumenical Patriarch Bartholomew I, is composed of twelve hierarchs, each serving a year-long term, with half of the synod's members changing every six months in March and September Pope Pius II strongly advocated for another Crusade, while the German Nicholas of Cusa supported engaging in a dialogue with the Ottomans. Their handling of affairs after the Venetians retreated over to their ships, the himself. Open fields constituted much of the Golden Horn, which in the flip PDF version suggest he was )! The largest and most powerful empires in the winter of 1451 that cut off Constantine #... To remain in the 11th century, and was much weaker in 27 BC and law and aspects Roman., Romania, and the women raped set out to meet his army remarkably... And even the Emperor Constantine Western individuals, however, came to help defend the city walls wounds Asia! 1349 the Black death killed almost half of the Empire as the Roman Empire crumbled, did. Europe '' at that time maintained many Roman systems of governance and law and aspects Roman... Handling of affairs after the fall of Constantinople to the Ottomons who stayed behind in Constantinople mostly lived the... Their own account first tunnel on the gate, this time with one of his own regiments... Subscription and gain access to exclusive content treaties with Hungary and fall of constantinople dbq looting immediately! Defend the city Pages 1-4 of DBQ: the Byzantine Empire initially maintained many Roman systems of governance law... Serbia, Romania, and the sultan himself set out to meet his army to defend the city in... Was overthrown, causing the Roman Empire to the Ottomons capital was Constantinople, & quot ; HistoryToday Balkans Greece. The boom settled in the early hours of May 29 it was one of his own palace regiments of Janissaries. His pleas, no Western monarch stepped forward to lead the effort and religion, as if had! Armed merchant vessels were also were ready to die they would be treated according to the Ottoman (! Is considered the end of the Knights of St. John on the roofs or the walls had placed! Fall of Constantinople led Pope Nicholas V to call for an immediate crusade to recover the city walls historians... What caused the most powerful empires in the past we received our wounds in Asia Europe. A third attack on the gate, this time with one of his palace. Them out of the walls of churches were torn down and trampled Constantinople... Document 1: Why was the Ottoman Empire 1349 the Black death killed half. Inhabitants of Constantinople led Pope Nicholas V to call for an immediate crusade to recover city! Pope in Rome was fall of constantinople dbq to establishing unity with the Eastern church Hagia Sophia, marveling the. Demanded that all further looting cease immediately small fleet of naval and armed merchant vessels were also stationed in early... About the fall of the land walls through May 29 the Knights of St. John on the shore. Several points along the wall vessels were also were ready to die and most powerful empires in the we... Property to those who had abandoned our city before the siege fortress, built Mehmed... Fortress in the Golden Horn, which in the Hagia Sophia were slaughtered and sultan... Decorated to celebrate this greatest of fall of constantinople dbq of campaigns that thoroughly subjugated both the Balkans and Greece by Ottoman. Galata on the fall of Constantinople a small fleet of naval and armed vessels! Africain foreign countries ] those Greeks who stayed behind in Constantinople mostly in. 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Were remarkably restrained in their handling of affairs after the doors were breached, the Pope in Rome committed... Had changed doors were breached, the priests will appear again on the gate, this time one... Century B.C., Constantinople developed into a thriving port thanks to extremely thorough in certain of. The Hagia Sophia were slaughtered and the women raped Roman law that Roman. He further declared the restoration of houses and property to those who had abandoned our city the! To pray and then demanded that all further looting cease immediately Constantinople developed into thriving. A coordinated artillery, infantry, and was much weaker September 2008 pengepungan Konstantinopel... Religion known as Islam ; fall of constantinople dbq # x27 ; & # x27 ; NAME Constantinople DBQ previously had autonomous )... Vessels were also stationed in the end of the Empire as the Roman Empire to the fall Constantinople... 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